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124 Rohde, Buitelaar, Gerlach & Faraone 19. American Psychiatric Association. Manual diagnóstico e estatístico de transtornos mentais: DSM-5. 5. ed. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2014. 20. Michielsen M, Semeijn E, Comijs HC, van de Ven P, Beekman AT, Deeg DJ, et al. Prevalence of atten- tion-deficit hyperactivity disorder in older adults in The Netherlands. Br J Psychiatry. 2012;201(4):298-305. 21. Caye A, Spadini AV, Karam RG, Grevet EH, Rovaris DL, Bau CH, et al. Predictors of persistence of ADHD into adulthood: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychia- try. 2016;25(11):1151-1159. 22. Brown TE, Reichel PC, Quinlan DM. Executive function impairments in high IQ adults with ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2009;13(2):161-7. 23. Serra-Pinheiro MA, Coutinho ES, Souza IS, Pinna C, Fortes D, Araújo C, et al. Is ADHD a risk factor independent of conduct disorder for illicit substance use? A meta-analysis and metaregression investigation. J Atten Disord. 2013;17(6):459-69. 24. Groenman AP, Janssen TWP, Oosterlaan J. Childhood psychiatric disorders as risk factor for subsequent substance abuse: a meta-analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;56(7):556-569. 25. Groenman AP, Oosterlaan J, Rommelse NN, Franke B, Greven CU, Hoekstra PJ, et al. Stimulant tre- atment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and risk of developing substance use disorder. Br J Psy- chiatry. 2013;203(2):112-9. 26. Arnold LE, Hodgkins P, Caci H, Kahle J, Young S. Effect of treatment modality on long-term outcomes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2015;10(2):e0116407.